Towards improved porous models for solid/fluid topology optimization

Abstract Modeling of fluid flows in density-based topology optimization forms a longstanding challenge. Methods based on the Navier–Stokes equations with Darcy penalization (NSDP equations) are widely used optimization. These methods use porous materials low permeability to represent solid domain. Consequently, they suffer from flow leakage certain areas. In this work, governing for solid/fluid reevaluated and reinterpreted. The constructed using volume averaged (VANS) equations, well known field modeling. Subsequently, we simplify, interpret discretize VANS context optimization, analytically derive lower bounds sufficiently prevent leakage. Based both NSDP two solvers Finite Volume method. Their precision bound investigated. optimize channels minimal pressure drop, resulting designs convergence behavior compared. procedure is found show less tendency converge inferior local optima more precise solutions sensitive its parameter selection.